We are extremely grateful to our colleagues in the Centre for the New Economy and Society for their support, especially to the Insights team: Mark Rayner, Ricky Li, Kateryna Karunska, Guillaume Hingel, Philipp Grosskurth, and Andrew Silva.
We are immensely grateful to Professor Ricardo Hausmann, Director of the Growth Lab at Harvard University’s Center for International Development; Rafik Hariri Professor of the Practice of International Political Economy at Harvard Kennedy School; and Professor Laura D’Andrea Tyson, Distinguished Professor of the Graduate School at the Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley and Chairperson of the Board of Trustees at UC Berkeley’s Blum Center for Developing Economies, for their longstanding guidance and support.
A special thank you to Michael Fisher for his excellent copyediting work and to Accurat for their outstanding graphic designing and layout of the report, as well as for its outstanding work to create the report’s Economy Profiles and online Data Explorer, and SMOG, who created the cover.
For more information, or to get involved, please contact cnes@weforum.org.
The Centre for the New Economy and Society aims to empower decision-making among leaders in business and policy by providing fresh, actionable insight through collaboration with leading experts and data-holding companies as part of its New Metrics Co-Lab. We are pleased to have collaborated with LinkedIn, Coursera, Hologic and WTW this year and thank the following contributors:
Coursera
Maria-Nicole Ikonomou, Global Communications Lead, Governments & Higher Ed
Eric Karsten, Data Science Lead, Research and Insights
Hologic
Lisa Hellmann
Fred Walker
Gallup
Benedicte Clouet
Marie Clare Evans
Courtney Hesselbacher
Linkedin
Kristin Keveloh, Senior Lead Manager, Public Policy & Economic Graph Programmes
Silvia Lara, Data Scientist, Economic Graph Team
Maeve Ryan, Senior Data Scientist, Economic Graph Team
Pei Ying Chua, Staff Data Scientist, Economic Graph Team
Séin Ó Muineacháin, Manager, Economic Graph Team
WTW
Manjit Basi, Wealth Equity Team Lead, Integrated & Global Solutions
Mark Mann, Wealth Equity Team, Integrated & Global Solutions
Rowena Agnes, Wealth Equity Team, Integrated & Global Solutions
Valentina Rocchi, Wealth Equity Team, Integrated & Global Solutions
Centre for the New Economy and Society Business Partners
The World Economic Forum would like to thank the Business Partners of the Centre for their guidance and support.
The World Economic Forum’s Centre for the New Economy and Society is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued Partner Institutes.
Albania Institute for Contemporary Studies & Tirana Business University and College
Helton Cevi, Project Coordinator
Artan Hoxha, President of ISB and Administrator of TBU
Oltjon Valisi, Assistant Project Coordinator
Angola Jobartis
João Freitas, Country Manager
Luis Verdeja, Director
Argentina IAE Business School—Universidad Austral
Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Director of Academic Department of Economics
Martin Calveira, Research Assistant
Armenia Economy and Values Research Center
Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate
Lilit Apyan, Analyst
Australia The Australian Industry Group (Ai Group)
Innes Willox, Chief Executive Officer
Julie Toth, Chief Economist
Colleen Dowling, Senior Research Analyst
Austria Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO)
Gabriel Felbermayr, Director
Michael Peneder, Senior Researcher, Project Lead
Alexandros Charos, Survey Manager
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Marketing Society
Ashraf Hajiyev, Coordinator
Fuad Aliyev, Consultant
Nigar Huseynzade, Chairman
Bahrain Bahrain Economic Development Board
Khalid Humaidan, Chief Executive
Nada Azmi, Executive Director of Corporate Strategy & Planning & Competitiveness Advocacy
Fatema Alatbi, Senior Executive of Competitiveness Advocacy Department
Bangladesh Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)
Fahmida Khatun, Executive Director
Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Research Director
Salay Mostofa, Programme Associate
Ratia Rehnuma, Programme Associate
Barbados University of West Indies
Jonathan Lashley, Senior Fellow
Alicia Graham, Administrative Assistant
Belgium Dynata
Felix Benjamin Bauer, Account Director
Benin Institut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Politique (IREEP)
Leonard Wantchekon, President
Stéphania Houngan, Research Associate
Bolivia INCAE Business School
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Enrique Bolaños, President
Octavio Martínez, Director
Bosnia and Herzegovina School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo
Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor
Jasmina Selimovic, Dean
Amra Kapo, Assistant Professor
Botswana Botswana National Productivity Centre
Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Statistician
Zelda Okatch, Information and Research Services Manager
Christopher Diswai, Executive Director
Brazil Fundação Dom Cabral (FDC)
Carlos Arruda, Professor of Innovation and Competitiveness
Ana Burcharth, Associate Professor
Miguel Costa, Intern Researcher
Brunei Darussalam Universiti Teknologi Brunei
Hajah Noor Maya binti Haji Md. Salleh, Acting Vice Chancellor
Wida Sustanty biniti Haji Suhaili, Assistant Professor
Bulgaria Center for Economic Development
Maria Prohaska, Director
Ivalina Simeonova, Project Manager
Cape Verde Center for Applied Statistics and Econometrics Research - INOVE
Frantz Tavares, Chief Executive Officer
Jerónimo Freire, Project Manager
Júlio Delgado, Director
Cambodia Nuppun Research and Consulting Co., Ltd
Khin Pisey, Managing Director
Pong Vanny, Researcher
Kimhong Sin, Research Assistant
Cameroon Compétitivité Cameroon
Hermann Fotie Ii, Permanent Secretary
Oumar Mairou, Head of Operations
Nsoe Nkouli Jean Baptiste, Expert competitiveness observatory
Tanankem Belmondo, Expert investment climate
Canada Dynata
Felix Benjamin Bauer, Account Director
Chad Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur la Gouvernance, les Industries Extractives et le Développement Durable
Simael Mbairassem, Economist in charge of research and public policies
Maoundonodji Gilbert, Managing Director
Chile University Adolfo Ibañez, School of Government
Carolina Apablaza, Director
Patricio Aroca, Professor
Isabella Cuneo, Doctoral Student
China Dataway Horizon
Lingling Qiao, General Manager
Yuming Zhi, Research Director
Zhuyu Yao, Senior Project Manager
Colombia Ministry of National Planning of Colombia
Alejandra Botero Barco, Director
Camilo Rivera Perez, Director, Innovation and Private Sector Development
Sara Patricia Rivera, Adviser
Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo-Invest Consulting (CIC)
Bertin Muderhwa, Head of Service in charge of Studies and Statistics at the Federation of Businesses of Congo (FEC)
Faila Tabu Ngandi, Administrative Assistant
Teza Bila Minlangu, General Director
Costa Rica INCAE Business School
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Enrique Bolaños, President
Octavio Martínez, Director
Côte d'Ivoire Centre for Promotion of Investments In Cote d'Ivoire (CEPICI)
Esmel Emmanuel Essis, Chief Executive Officer
Ramatou Fall, Director of Business Environment
Simon Meledje, Head of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Department
Croatia National Competitiveness Council for Croatia
Jadranka Pepelugoski Gable, Advisor
Iva Tomić, Chief Economist
Cyprus Cyprus Employers and Industry Confederation (OEB)
Antonis Frangoudis, Director Business Development and Economic Affairs Department
Bank of Cyprus
Kyriacos Antoniou, Governance Officer
Czech Republic CMC Graduate School of Business
Tomáš Janča, Executive Director
Denmark Danish Technological Institute
Stig Yding Sørensen, Senior Specialist
Andreas Bjerre Lunkeit, Consultant
Dominican Republic INCAE Business School
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Enrique Bolaños, President
Octavio Martínez, Director
Ecuador ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)
Sara Wong, Professor
Tania Tenesaca, Project Coordinator
Xavier Ordeñana, Dean
Jack Zambrano, Research Assistant
Egypt The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES)
Abla Abdel Latif, Executive Director and Director of Research
Khaled Wahid, Head of Statistical Analysis Department
El Salvador INCAE Business School
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Enrique Bolaños, President
Octavio Martínez, Director
Estonia Estonian Institute of Economic Research (EKI)
Kiira Martens, Research officer
Marje Josing, Director
Finland ETLA - The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
Aki Kangasharju, Managing Director
Markku Lehmus, Head of Forecasting
Ville Kaitila, Researcher
France Business France
Cassagnes Louise, Economist
Marcias Manuel, Head of Service : Economic studies
Georgia TSU Center for Analysis and Forecasting
Vakhtang Charaia, Director
Otar Anguridze, Head of the Board
Mamuka Tsereteli, Expert
Mariam Lashkhi, Project Manager
Germany Institute for Innovation and Technology within the VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH
Michael Nerger, Project Leader
Ghana Association of Ghana Industries
Yaw Adu-Gyamfi, President
Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Chief Executive Officer
John Defor, Direcctor, Policy and Research
Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises
Michael Mitsopoulos, Director - Business Environment and Regulatory Affairs
Athanasios Printsipas, Senior Advisor - SEV Business Council for Sustainable Development
Guatemala FUNDESA
Juan Carlos Paiz, President of the Board of Directors
Juan Carlos Zapata, Chief Executive Officer
Priscilla González, Corporate Affairs Coordinator
Honduras INCAE Business School
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Enrique Bolaños, President
Octavio Martínez, Director
Hong Kong SAR, China Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce
Watson Chan, Deputy Chief Executive Officer (Policy & Business Development)
Simon Ngan, Director, Business Policy
Wilson Chong, Senior Economist
Hungary KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd
Peter Vakhal, Senior Research Associate
Éva Palócz, CEO
Iceland The Icelandic Centre for future studies
Karl Friðriksson, Manager Director
University of Iceland, Center for Strategy and Competitiveness
Runolfur Smari Steinthorsson, Professor
India LeadCap Knowledge Solutions Pvt. Ltd (LeadCap Ventures)
Vidyadhar Prabhudesai, Director & COO
Sangeeth Varghese, Managing Director & CEO
Indonesia Dynata
Felix Benjamin Bauer, Account Director
Center for Industry, SME and Business Competition Studies, University of Trisakti
Prof. Tulus Tambunan, Director
Ida Busnetti, Vice Director
Iran, Islamic Rep. Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture, Deputy of Economic Affairs
Mohamadreza Doostmohamadi, Director of Statistics & Economical information center
Hanie Ziadlou, Senior Research Analyst
Zahra Naseri, Senior Research Analyst
Ireland
Irish Business and Employers Confederation (IBEC)
Geraldine Anderson, Head of Research
Israel Manufacturers' Association of Israel (MAI)
Ron Tomer, President, Manufacturers' Association of Israel (MAI)
Ruby Ginel, CEO, Manufacturers' Association of Israel (MAI)
Dan Catarivas, General Manager, Foreign Trade and International Relations Division, MAI
Itai Nakash, Deputy General Manager, Foreign Trade and International Relations Division, MAI
Italy Italian Trade Agency (ITA)
Stefano Nigro, Director FDI Coordination Office
Giuseppe Credendino, Officer FDI Coordination Office
Ludovico Augello, Officer FDI Coordination Office
Japan Waseda University
Jusuke Ikegami, Professor
Mitsuyo Tsubayama, Coordinator
Shoko Miya, Coordinator
Jordan Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation of Jordan
Hadram Al Fayes, Director
Ghada Issa, Head of Competitiveness Division
Thamer Masarweh, Researcher
Kazakhstan Center for Strategic Initiatives LPP
Olzhas Khudaibergenov, Senior Partner
Yerbol Tulegenov, Associate Partner
Kenya University of Nairobi
Karuti Kanyinga, Research Professor and Director, IDS
Vincent Mugo, Project Assistant IDS
Paul Kamau, Associate Research Professor, IDS
Korea, Rep. Korea Development Institute
Joonghae Suh, Executive Director, Economic Information and Education Center
Youngho Jung, Head, Public Opinion Analysis Unit
Sohee Kim, Senior Reseach Associate, Public Opinion Analysis Unit
Kuwait Kuwait University
Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member
Fahad Al-Rashid, Committee Chairman
Sayer Al-Sayer, Committee Member
Kyrgyz Republic Economic Policy Institute
Lola Abduhametova, Project Coordinator
Marat Tazabekov, Chairman
Lao PDR Enterprise & Development Consultants Co. Ltd (EDC)
Buakhai Phimmavong, Managing Partner
Thipphasone Inthachack, Office administrator
Latvia Stockholm School of Economics in Riga
Arnis Sauka, Head of the Centre for Sustainable Development
Lebanon Infopro
Rramzi El Hafez, General Manager
Simone Matar, Deputy General Manager
Barrak Dbeiss, Project Manager
Lesotho Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho (PSFL)
Thabo Qhesi, CEO
Khotsofalang Molieleng, Project Officer
Qothoase Khofane, Project Officer
Lithuania Enterprise Lithuania
Vytautas Adomaitis, Regulatory affairs officer
Irena Karelina, Analyst
Luxembourg Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce
Christel Chatelain, Head of Economic Affairs Assistant
Jean-Baptiste Nivet, Sr Economist
Sidonie Paris, Economist
Malawi Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry
Chancellor Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive
Madalitso Kazembe, Director, Business Environment & Policy Advocacy
Manfred Maguru, Economic Analyst
Malaysia Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC)
Dato' Abdul Latif Abu Seman, Director General
Wan Fazlin Nadia Wan Osman, Director Productivity & Competitiveness Development Division
Zahid Ismail, Deputy Director General
Mali Mali Applied and Theoretical Economics Research Group (GREAT)
Massa Coulibaly, Executive Director
Wélé Fatoumata Binta Sow, Researcher
Badiégué Diallo, Administrative and Financial Assistant
Malta Competitive Malta - Foundation for National Competitiveness
Adrian Said, Associate
Matthew Castillo, Associate
Mauritius Economic Development Board
Ken Poonoosamy, CEO
Sanroy Seechurn, Manager
Dooshala Ramjutun-Ramlaul, Lead Professional
Mexico Ministry of the Economy
Jesús Cantú Escalante, Head of the Unit of Business Regulation, Competitiveness and Competition
Jorge Eduardo Arreola Cavazos, General Director for Competitiveness and Competition
Moldova Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM)
Grigore Belostecinic, Rector
Institute for Economic Research and European Studies (IERES)
Corneliu Gutu, Director
Mongolia Open Society Forum (OSF)
Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director
Oyunbadam Davaakhuu, Program Manager
Montenegro The Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP)
Maja Drakic Grgur, Project Coordinator
Veselin Vukotic, President
Morocco The Policy Centre for the New South (PCNS)
Asma Tahraoui, Senior Knoweldge Manager
Abdelaaziz Ait Ali, Head Economics Reserach Department
Karim El Aynaoui, Executive President
African Centre for Economic Transformation (ACET)
John Asafu Adjaye, Senior Fellow - Economic Management and Governance Program
Edward Brown, Senior Director, Research & Policy Engagements
Mozambique African Centre for Economic Transformation (ACET)
John Asafu Adjaye, Senior Fellow - Economic Management and Governance Program
Edward Brown, Senior Director, Research & Policy Engagements
Confederation of Business Associations of Mozambique
Roque Magaia, Economist
Namibia Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)
Ndapunikwa Fikameni, Research Associate
Salmi Shigwedha, Research Associate
Graham Hopwood, Director
Nepal Competitiveness and Development Institute (CODE)
Ramesh C. Chitrakar, Project Director/ Country Coordinator
Menaka Shrestha, Team Member
Abhinandan Baniya, Associate Team Member
Netherlands Amsterdam Centre for Business Innovation, University of Amsterdam
Henk Volberda, Director and Professor of Strategy & Innovation
Kevin Heij, Project Manager
Egbert Peppelman, Research Assistant
New Zealand BusinessNZ
Kirk Hope, CEO
Kathryn Asare, Manager Communications
Nicaragua INCAE Business School
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Enrique Bolaños, President
Octavio Martínez, Director
Nigeria Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG)
Laoye Jaiyeola, Chief Executive Officer
Olusegun Omisakin, Director of Research
Sodik Olofin, Research Analyst
Wilson Erumebor, Senior Economist
North Macedonia Economic Chamber of North-West Macedonia
Drilon Iseni, Executive Director
Miranda Ajdini, Legal associate
Durim Zekiri, Research and development
Pakistan Mishal Pakistan
Amir Jahangir, Chief Executive Officer
Puruesh Chaudhary, Director
Amna Sabahat Bhutta, Director
Panama INCAE Business School
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Enrique Bolaños, President
Octavio Martínez, Director
Paraguay Paraguayan Foundation for Cooperation and Development
Martin Burt, CEO
Luis Fernando Sanabria, CEO
Sol Urbieta, Management Assistant
Peru Industrial Development Center of the National Society of Industries
Luis Tenorio, Executive Director
Maria Elena Baraybar, Project Assistant
Benoni Sanchez, Head of Systems
Philippines Makati Business Club (MBC)
Roxanne Lu, Programs Director
Trisha Teope, Foreign Programs Officer
Poland National Bank of Poland
Piotr Boguszewski, Economic Advisor
Piotr Szpunar, Director
Portugal PROFORUM Association for the Development of Engineering
Ilidio De Ayala Serôdio, Vice-President
Helena Roquette, Secretary of the President
Business Administrators Forum (FAE)
Paulo Carmona, President
David Braga Malta, Member
Susana Lourenco, Executive Assistant
Qatar Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) / Social & Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI) - Qatar University
Issa Abdull Salam Abu Issa, Secretary General
Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General Manager
Kaltham Ali Al-Ghanim, Director, Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI)
Raymond Carasig, Senior Survey Support Specialist
Maria Jusay, Executive Secretary
Romania ADAF (Association of Women Entrepreneurship Development)
Rotaru Cornelia, President
Rotaru Gela, Business Analyst
Russian Federation Eurasia Competitiveness Institute
Alexey Prazdnichnykh, Managing Director
Nikita Popov, Project Associate
Rwanda Rwanda Development Board
Kennedy Kalisa, Strategy Analyst
Diogene Dusabiyaremye, Strategy Analyst
Louise Kanyonga, Chief Strategy and Compliance Officer
Saudi Arabia Alfaisal University
Eiman Habbas Al-Mutairi, CEO of the National Competitiveness Centre
Salman Al-Tukhaifi, Analytical Director
Abdulrahman Al-Ghamdi, Specialist Research and Reporting
Mohammed Kafaji, Associate Dean for Quality Assurance and accreditation
Senegal Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar
Babacar Sène, Director of the Center for Applied Economic Research, Coordinator of the survey
Mamadou Marone, Supervisor of investigators, Researcher at CREA
Serbia Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN)
Aleksandar Radivojević, Project Coordinator
Dejan Molnar, Director
Svetozar Tanasković, Researcher
Sierra Leone GQRDOTCOM Limited (GQR)
Omodele Jones, Chief Executive Officer
Singapore Singapore Economic Development Board
Cheng Wai San, Director and Head, Research and Statistics Unit
Teo Xinyu, Executive Officer (Senior), Research and Statistics Unit
Slovak Republic Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS) (Slovak Republic)
Peter Serina, Executive Director
Robert Kičina, Member of the Board
Slovenia Institute for Economic Research
Peter Stanovnik, Professor
Sonja Uršič, Senior Research Assistant
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics
Mateja Drnovšek, Full Professor
South Africa Business Unity South Africa
Tyson Thamsanqa Sibanda, Economic Policy Manager
Olivier Serrao, Economic Policy Executive Director
Cas Coovadia, Chief Executive Officer
Spain IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness
Pascual Berrone, Professor
María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate
Sri Lanka Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS)
Kithmina Hewage, Research Economist
Tharindu Udayanga, Research Assistant
Sweden Ratio Institute
Dennis Jernkrook, Communications employee
Nils Karlson, Former CEO
Dynata
Felix Benjamin Bauer, Account Director
Switzerland University of St. Gallen
Tobias Trütsch, Head of Economics Division
Taiwan, China Taiwan Institute of Economic Research
Chen, Yi-Man, Associate Research Fellow
Tsuo, I-Chun, Assistant Research Fellow
Tajikistan The Center of Sociological Research "Zerkalo"
Kahramon Bakoev,, Director
Gulnora Beknazarova, Director LLC "Tahlil va Mashvarat"
Firdavs Kuliev, Project Manager
Tanzania REPOA Ltd
Donald Mmari, Executive Director
Lucas Katera, Director of Collaborations and Capacity Building
Cornel Jahari, Researcher & Field Manager
Thailand Chulalongkorn Business School, Chulalongkorn University
Wilert Puriwat, Dean
Kanyarat Sanoran, Assistant Dean
Trinidad and Tobago Arthur Lok Jack Global School of Business (ALJGSB)
Raynardo Hassanally, Alumni Relations Coordinator
Balraj Kistow, Programme Director
Ron Sookram, Academic Coordinator
Tunisia Institut Arabe des Chefs d'Entreprises
Majdi Hassen, Executive Director
Safa Benmabrouk, Economic researcher
Turkey TÜSIAD - Sabanci University Competitivness Forum (REF)
Esra Durceylan Kaygusuz, Director
Sezen Uğurlu Sum, Specialist
Ukraine CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research
Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director
Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist
Oksana Kuziakiv, Senior Adviser
United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre
Hanan Ahli, Acting Director of Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre
Rashed Abdulkarim Al Blooshi, Undersecretary of Department of Economic Development, Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom Confederation of British Industry (CBI)
Nicola Grimwood, Survey Team Manager
Lois Braney, Senior Survey Analyst
Andreas Belegratis, Data Scientist
United States Dynata
Felix Benjamin Bauer, Account Director
Uruguay Universidad ORT Uruguay
Isidoro Hodara, Professor
Bruno Gili, Professor
Federico Monetti, Professor
Venezuela Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion (Venezuela)
Jennyn Osorio, Economics Affairs Manager
Viet Nam Ho Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies (HIDS)
Tran Hoang Ngan, Director
Trieu Thanh Son, Head of Rereach Management
Nguyen Manh Quan, Researcher
Yemen, Rep. Yemeni Business Club (YBC)
Fathi Abdulwase Hayel Saeed, Chairman
Ghadeer Ahmed Almaqhafi, Executive Director
Safa Abdullah Alsayaghi, Projects Manager
Zambia University of Zambia
Patricia Funjika, Research Fellow, Institute of Economic and Social Research
Joseph Simbaya, Director, Institute of Economic and Social Research
Chitalu Chama Chiliba, Assistant Director, Institute of Economic and Social Research