1981, graduate, Hunan Institute of Finance and Economics; 1996, MA in Law, Renmin University, China. 1981, with People's Bank of China (PBC): General Manager, China Foreign Exchange Trading Centre; 1989-96, Director-General, Policy Research Department; 1996-98, Assistant Governor and concurrently Director-General, Fund Planning Department; Director-General, Monetary Policy Department; President, Guangdong Branch and Director-General, Guangdong Branch, State Administration of Foreign Exchange; Deputy Governor, PBC. Since 2003, Chairman and President, Bank of China.