1968, postgraduate degree in Geological Structure, Beijing Institute of Geology. Since 1965, Member, Communist Party of China; 1993-97, Alternate Member and Member, Secretariat Political Bureau, CPC Central Committee; 1997-98, Member, Political Bureau and Secretariat, CPC Central Committee; 1998-2002, Member, Political Bureau and Secretariat, CPC Central Committee; Vice-Premier, State Council; Member, Leading Party Member Group; Secretary, Financial Work Committee, CPC Central Committee; 2002-03: Member, Standing Committee, Political Bureau, CPC Central Committee; Vice-Premier, State Council; Member, Leading Party Members' Group, Secretary, Financial Work Committee, CPC Central Committee; since 2003, Member, Standing Committee, Political Bureau, CPC Central Committee and Premier, State Council.