1968, Bachelor's degree (Hons) in Economics, Thammasat University; 1970, MBA, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania; 1989, diploma, National Defense College; 2002, PhD in Business Administration. 1971-90, with Thai Farmers Bank, last position: Director and Senior Executive Vice-President. 1985-86, President, The Thai Forex Club; 1986-88, President, The Thammasat Economics Association; 1990-91, Government Spokesman; 1991-92, Deputy Minister of Commerce; 1992-93, Senator; 1993-2001, President, Export-Import Bank of Thailand; since 2001, Governor, Bank of Thailand. Vice-Chairman, Puey Ungphakorn Institute. Director: Civil Service Commission; Asian Institute of Technology. Member: Thammasat University Council; Board of Governors, Asian Institute Management. Director and Secretary, Puey Foundation.