1981, LLM, Karl Marx University, Leipzig. 1976, joined the ANC; former Chairman, ANC Southern Natal Region. Made peace a central theme in Southern Natal in the run-up to elections. 1994, Minister of Public Works; Member of the National Executive Committee of the ANC; Member of the Central Committee of the SACP; Chairperson, Regional ANC Peace Forum. 1999, Minister for Public Enterprises of South Africa; 2014, Minister in the Presidency.