2002, PhD in Economic History, Harvard University. Dissertation was titled “The Political Economy of Mexican Protectionism, 1868-1911”. Former: Professor of Economic History, Centro de Estudios Historicos, El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico City. Appointed Mexican Secretary of Economy by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Recipient, Gershenkron Prize, Economic History Association (2002). Mexican academic and economist. Expertise: economic history, protectionism, fiscal policies, and the economics of contemporary Mexico.