1962, BA (Hons) in English, Makerere University College; 1962-63, studies in Diplomacy, School of International Affairs, Columbia University, New York. 1962, Administrative Officer, Dodoma; District Officer; Foreign Service Officer. 1966, Managing Editor, Nationalist and Uhuru; 1972, Managing Editor, Daily News and Sunday News; 1974, Press Secretary to President; 1976, Founding Director, Tanzania News Agency; 1976, High Commissioner to Nigeria; 1977-80, Member of Parliament and Minister for Foreign Affairs; 1980-82, Minister for Information and Culture; 1982-83, High Commissioner to Canada; 1983-84, Ambassador to US; 1984-90, Minister for Foreign Affairs; 1985, elected to National Assembly for Nanyumbu constituency, Masasi District; 1990, re-elected; 1990-92, Minister for Information and Broadcasting; 1992-95, Minister for Science, Technology and Higher Education; 1995-2005, President of Tanzania; 1996-2006, Chairman, Chama Cha Mapinduzi Party. Member, Club of Madrid.