1974, Moscow State University; PhD in Economics. 1974-79, Research Fellow, Institute of Economics, USSR State Planning Committee; 1979-82, Head of Division, USSR Committee of Labour and Social Affairs; 1982-86, Head of Laboratory, Central Institute of Economics and Mathematics. 1986-87, Institute of National Economy Prognoses, USSR Academy of Sciences. 1987-90, Adviser to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. 1990-91, Founder and Director, Institute for Employment Studies. 1991-92, Minister of Labour and Employment of Russia. 1992-94, Deputy Prime Minister; Governor, IMF and EBRD for Russia. 1994-95, Deputy of the State Duma. 1996-97, First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma. Academician, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. Since 1997, current position. President, Moscow Higher School of Economics. Member, Committee for Development Planning of the UN. Co-Chairman of the Board, Foundation Economic Forum of the Regions for Sustainable Development, Moscow. Member of the Board, Foundation for Economy and Sustainable Development of the Regions of Europe, Geneva.