1997, PhD in International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), UK. Currently: Director of Studies, Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Jakarta; Secretary to International Relations Bureau, Central Executive Board of Muhammadiyah; Visiting Lecturer, Postgraduate Faculty, University of Indonesia. Has worked extensively on Southeast Asia's security issues, ASEAN, Indonesia's Foreign Policy and Domestic Political Changes in Indonesia. Author of numerous publications including, 2001, "Human Security and Political Stability: Should There be a Tension?".