1973, studies at Military Academy; 1991, Master's in Management, Webster University; 2004, PhD in Agriculture Economics, Bogor Institute of Agriculture. 1973-2000, with Indonesian Army including: Troop and Territorial Commander, Staff Officer, Trainer and Lecturer; overseas assignments as Chief Military Observer, UN Peace Keeping Operations and 1995-96, Commander, Indonesian Military Contingent, Bosnia Herzegovina. 1999-2000, Minister of Mines and Energy; 2000-01, Coordinating Minister for Political, Social and Security Affairs; 2001-04, Coordinating Minister for Political and Security Affairs. Since 2004, President of Indonesia. Author: Transforming Indonesia: Selected International Speeches (2005); Peace Deal with Aceh is Just a Beginning (2005); The Making of a Hero (2005), Revitalization of the Indonesian Economy: Business, Politics and Good Governance (2002), Coping with the Crisis - Securing the Reform (1999). Recipient of awards, including: 2005, honorary doctorates in Law, Webster University, and Political Science, Thammasat University, Thailand.