1971, MPhil in Economics, University of Oxford. 1971, Young Professional and 1974, Senior Economist, World Bank; 1981, Director, Studies, Trade Policy Research Centre, London; 1987, Chief Economics Leader Writer, Financial Times; since 1990, Associate Editor; since 1996, Chief Economics Commentator. Recipient of awards and honours, including: Commander of the British Empire (2000); Honorary Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford University.